Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in kidney diseases

Abstract

Reactive species and oxidative stress have become increasingly known during the last decade as significant factors that influence different cellular functions of the body. Normally, reactive species (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) are produced by natural cellular reactions. The sufficient level of reactive species is vital for cellular pathway like signaling, cellular proliferation and also cellular growth. Although the high concentrations of oxidants are produced by an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant defense system, they have pathogenetic effects on living organisms and also cause tissue damage. This phenomenon is called oxidative stress. Oxidative stress contributes to several pathological situations, including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic diseases like chronic kidney disease and some acute health problems. In this paper, we summarized the formation of main oxidants originating from a variety of important sources, consisting of cellular metabolism and ecological factors and also enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems that have a major role in the regulation of reducing and oxidizing state in the body.

Keywords: Nonenzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Hypertension, Diabetes, Cancer, Reactive oxygen species